Racial stereotypes are automatic and exaggerated mental pictures that we hold about all members of a particular racial group. Because our racial stereotypes are so rigid, we tend to ignore or discard any information that is not consistent with the stereotype that we have developed about the racial group. We develop our racial stereotypes in a variety of ways. From an early age, we learn to place people and objects into categories. Additionally, the less contact we have with a particular racial group, the more likely we are to have negative feelings about the group.
Any negative experiences that we have with a member of a particular group will strengthen our racial stereotypes and create fears about particular races. Working memory under stereotype threat conditions is affected by physiological stress, performance monitoring and suppression processes of anxiety and the stereotype.
Neuroscientists have even measured these effects in the brain. When we are affected by stereotype threat, brain regions responsible for emotional self-regulation and social feedback are activated while activity in the regions responsible for task performance are inhibited. In our recent study, published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , we demonstrated this effect for ageism.
We used electroencephalography EEG , a device which places electrodes on the scalp to track and record brainwave patterns, to show that older adults, having read a report about memory declining with age, experienced neural activation corresponding to having negative thoughts about oneself.
They also underperformed in a subsequent, timed categorisation task. There is hope, however. Emerging studies on how to reduce stereotype threat identify a range of methods — the most obvious being changing the stereotype. Ultimately, this is the way to eliminate the problem once and for all. But changing stereotypes sadly often takes time. While we are working on it, there are techniques to help us cope.
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