Leonard Darwin, son of Charles, presided over the meeting of about delegates from numerous countries—including British luminaries such as the Chief Justice Lord Balfour, and the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill.
The meeting served as an indication of the growing popularity of the eugenics movement. Second International Eugenics Congress logo, : Eugenics was a popular pseudoscience in the early decades of the twentieth century and was promoted through three International Eugenics Congresses between and American eugenics research was funded by distinguished philanthropists and carried out at prestigious universities, trickling down to classrooms where it was presented as a serious science.
In , J. Davenport, using money from both the Harriman railroad fortune and the Carnegie Institution. Davenport founded the Eugenics Record Office in The first state to introduce a compulsory sterilization bill was Michigan in , but the proposed law failed to garner enough votes by legislators to be adopted.
Indiana became the first state to enact sterilization legislation in , followed closely by Washington and California in Men and women were compulsorily sterilized for different reasons.
Men were sterilized to treat their aggression and to eliminate their criminal behavior, while women were sterilized to control the results of their sexuality. Sterilization rates across the country were relatively low, California being the exception, until the Supreme Court case Buck v.
Bell that legitimized the forced sterilization of patients at a Virginia home for the mentally retarded. These statutes were not abolished until the mid-twentieth century, with approximately 60, Americans legally sterilized. This led to passage of the federal Immigration Act of , which reduced the number of immigrants from abroad to 15 percent from previous years.
Harry H. Laughlin : Harry H. There are also direct links between progressive American eugenicists such as Harry H. Laughlin and racial oppression in Europe. Before the realization of death camps in World War II, the idea that eugenics would lead to genocide was not taken seriously by the average American.
When Nazi administrators went on trial for war crimes in Nuremberg after the war, however, they justified more than , mass sterilizations in less than a decade by citing U. These sterilizations were the precursor to the Holocaust, the Nazi attempt at genocide against Jews and other ethnic groups they deemed unfavorable to the human gene pool.
The Southern Renaissance literary movement of the s and s broke from the romantic view of the Confederacy. The Southern Renaissance was a movement that reinvigorated American Southern literature in the s and s. Perhaps ironically, however, this movement that explored racial questions and themes seemed to exclude African-American writers of the time. In the s, the satirist H. Mencken led the attack on the genteel tradition in American literature, ridiculing the provincialism of American intellectual life.
This created a storm of protest from within conservative circles in the South. In response to the attacks of Mencken and his imitators, Southern writers were provoked to reassert Southern uniqueness and engage in a deeper exploration of the theme of Southern identity. Henry Louis Mencken : H. Mencken was an influential American writer and social critic who unwittingly helped to launch the Southern Renaissance literary movement. The emergence of the Southern Renaissance as a literary and cultural movement also has been seen as a consequence of the opening up of the predominantly rural South to outside influences due to the industrial expansion that took place in the region during and after World War I.
Southern Renaissance writers broke from this tradition by addressing three major themes in their works. The first was the burden of history in a place where many people still personally remembered slavery, Reconstruction, and a devastating military defeat. Because of the chronological distance these writers had from the Civil War and slavery, they were able to bring objectivity to writings about the South. They also employed new, modernistic techniques such as stream of consciousness and complex narratives.
Among the writers of the Southern Renaissance, William Faulkner is arguably the most influential and famous as the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in William Faulkner, : William Faulkner, author of the novel, The Sound and the Fury , was a leading voice in the Southern Renaissance movement.
Some of the most outspoken criticisms against the idea of the lost cause of the Confederacy came from African-American, Southern writers prior to World War I, including from Charles W.
Yet African-American writers were not considered part of the Southern literary tradition as defined by the white, primarily male authors who saw themselves as its creators and guardians.
This is a rather glaring omission, considering the prominence of other notable African-American writers from the South such as Richard Wright, a Mississippi native and author of the renowned novel, Native Son. Richard Wright : Native Son author Richard Wright was one of the notable African-American authors who has been arguably overlooked as part of the Southern literary tradition.
The Harlem Renaissance was an arts and literary movement in the s that brought African-American culture to mainstream America. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the s and s.
Though the Harlem Renaissance was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Renaissance. In France, black soldiers experienced the kind of freedom they had never known in the United States, but returned to find that discrimination against blacks was just as active as it had been before the war.
Many African-American soldiers who fought in segregated units during World War I, like the Harlem Hellfighters, came home to a nation whose citizens often did not respect their accomplishments. Race pride had already been part of literary and political self-expression among African-Americans in the nineteenth century. However, it found a new purpose and definition in the journalism, fiction, poetry, music, sculpture, and paintings of many figures associated with the Harlem Renaissance.
Despite the challenges of race and class in the s, a new spirit of hope and pride marked black activity and expression in all areas. The many debates regarding art and propaganda, representation and identity, assimilation versus militancy, and parochialism versus globalism enriched perspectives on issues of art, culture, politics, and ideology that have emerged in African-American culture.
In , a large block along th Street and Fifth Avenue was purchased by various African-American realtors and a church group. Due to the war, the migration of laborers from Europe virtually ceased, while the war effort resulted in a massive demand for unskilled industrial labor.
Among them were a great number of artists whose influence would come to bear, especially in jazz music. Despite the increasing popularity of Negro culture, virulent white racism, often by more recent ethnic immigrants, continued to impact African-American communities. Race riots and other civil uprisings occurred throughout the United States during the so-called Red Summer of , reflecting economic competition over jobs and housing in many cities, as well as tensions over social territories.
The first stage of the Harlem Renaissance started in the late s, notably with the premiere of Three Plays for a Negro Theatre. These plays, written by white playwright Ridgely Torrence, featured African-American actors conveying complex human emotions and yearnings. They rejected the stereotypes of the blackface and minstrel-show traditions. In , in the Pittsburgh Courier newspaper, Harrison challenged the notion of the renaissance. It is true that W. October 19, Accessed February 28, October 29, The s could be considered a decade of progress for women and minorities for a multitude of reasons.
One of these reasons is that the nineteenth amendment was passed giving women the right to vote. Another reason is that women were being recognized as consumers and many new technologies were created for their usage.
Another reason is that many minorities were recognized for their musical talent by playing in places such as the cotton club. The s could be considered a period of regression for women and minorities for many reasons. One of these reasons is minorities were companies last options for hiring.
Many minorities were without jobs because of this. Another reason is some companies that had many minority employees became obsolete, taking jobs away from many minorities. Railroad workers Another reason is minorities that fought in the war and even those who gained rank were excluded from celebrations and were not recognized for their service.
The Ku Klux Klan was a group that hindered the process of the s. The hate group had an influx of new members during this time and targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and foreigners in their communities. The violence and hate the Klan impacted the movement for equal rights by protesting against it through violent acts.
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And newly introduced installment plans allowed people to buy goods on credit. Millions of women found themselves able to vote for the first time. Enjoying independence, they bobbed their hair, shortened their skirts, and let their new appliances share in the housework.
Roads were paved and stores were built to accommodate the newfound passion for driving. In the air, passenger planes flew and stunt pilots entertained.
Behind the carefree images, dark forces were at work. Organized labor lost gains it had made during the war effort. The ambitions of temperance behind Prohibition resulted in lawlessness and organized crime. Racial tensions brewed. The somber, downhearted Great Depression silenced the roar. To look at America during the Roaring Twenties, Stacker compiled a list of discoveries, trends, and changes that shaped lives in the s, from news sites, historic research, scientific studies, and government reports.
You may also like: History of dogs in space. Women won the right to vote in the United States with the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in That meant more than 26 million new voters could head to the election booth. When women started to vote, significant efforts to address public health followed, including funding and local door-to-door campaigns aimed at improving hygiene.
In the South, school spending per student increased by about a third. Among whites in the South, incomes then rose about a third as well, studies show. Radio boomed in the s. Four years later, there were commercial stations across the country. By the end of the decade, there were radios in more than 12 million U.
New cars had more effective brakes on all four wheels, safety glass that did not shatter, full doors and heaters. You may also like: 30 breathtaking images from NASA's public library. As more Americans started driving, the number of roads built in the United States increased.
The Federal Highway Act of was passed by Congress to address the need for paved interstates, especially in the West, and provided federal aid to build those highways. Eisenhower, who had seen the effectiveness of the autobahn for troops in Germany while he served as the commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, banning the making and sale but not possession or consumption of liquor, formally took effect in , largely with unintended and unwanted consequences.
The black market flourished with bootlegging and speakeasies, and organized crime profited handsomely. The 21st Amendment repealed Prohibition in At dance marathons, couples competed to see who could dance the longest. But the frivolity and fun wore off after the stock market crash in , when dance marathons became grotesque displays of people desperate for the prize money. In s Hollywood, the studio system was created in which actors, directors, writers and others were put under contracts, and production and distribution were tightly controlled by the giant industry studios.
Independent movie theaters were subject to so-called block booking that required them to rent a package of films and often denied them access to box-office hits. A U. Nightclubs, jazz clubs and cocktail bars flourished in the cities. This generation had largely missed the war, being too young to fight, and perhaps there was a sense of guilt that they had escaped the horrors of war. Perhaps they felt a need to enjoy life to the full, because so many other young lives had been lost on the battlefields of Flanders.
Both authors politely poke fun at the socialites and upper classes, but their novels give a good idea of the heady days of the s. The experiences during the War influenced British society, particularly women. During the war, many women had been employed in the factories , giving them a wage and therefore a certain degree of independence. Women over 30 had been given the vote in , and by this had been extended to all women over the age of Women felt more confident and empowered, and this new independence was reflected in the new fashions.
Hair was shorter, dresses were shorter, and women started to smoke, drink and drive motorcars.
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